回答：
Java design patterns are general reusable solutions to common problems in software design. They are categorized into three main types: Creational, Structural, and Behavioral patterns. Each category serves a different purpose and addresses different aspects of software design. Here’s a detailed overview of each category:
1. Creational Patterns
Creational patterns deal with object creation mechanisms, trying to create objects in a manner suitable to the situation. They help in controlling the instantiation process and can be particularly useful when the system needs to be independent of how its objects are created, composed, and represented.
Common Creational Patterns:
- Singleton: Ensures a class has only one instance and provides a global point of access to it.
- Factory Method: Defines an interface for creating an object but allows subclasses to alter the type of objects that will be created.
- Abstract Factory: Provides an interface for creating families of related or dependent objects without specifying their concrete classes.
- Builder: Separates the construction of a complex object from its representation, allowing the same construction process to create different representations.
- Prototype: Creates new objects by copying an existing object, known as the prototype.
2. Structural Patterns
Structural patterns focus on how classes and objects are composed to form larger structures. They help ensure that if one part of a system changes, the entire system doesn’t need to change.
Common Structural Patterns:
- Adapter: Allows incompatible interfaces to work together. It acts as a bridge between two incompatible interfaces.
- Decorator: Adds new functionality to an object dynamically without altering its structure. It provides a flexible alternative to subclassing for extending functionality.
- Facade: Provides a simplified interface to a complex subsystem, making it easier to use.
- Composite: Composes objects into tree structures to represent part-whole hierarchies. It allows clients to treat individual objects and compositions uniformly.
- Proxy: Provides a surrogate or placeholder for another object to control access to it.
3. Behavioral Patterns
Behavioral patterns are concerned with algorithms and the assignment of responsibilities between objects. They help in defining how objects interact and communicate with each other.
Common Behavioral Patterns:
- Observer: Defines a one-to-many dependency between objects so that when one object changes state, all its dependents are notified and updated automatically.
- Strategy: Defines a family of algorithms, encapsulates each one, and makes them interchangeable. It lets the algorithm vary independently from clients that use it.
- Command: Encapsulates a request as an object, thereby allowing for parameterization of clients with queues, requests, and operations.
- Iterator: Provides a way to access the elements of an aggregate object sequentially without exposing its underlying representation.
- State: Allows an object to alter its behavior when its internal state changes. The object will appear to change its class.
- Template Method: Defines the skeleton of an algorithm in a method, deferring some steps to subclasses. It lets subclasses redefine certain steps of an algorithm without changing its structure.
Conclusion
Understanding these design patterns can significantly improve your ability to design robust, maintainable, and scalable software. Each pattern provides a proven solution to a common problem, and knowing when and how to apply them can lead to better software architecture and design.